• Lazzat Un Nisa Download

Contents.History The original manuscript was published during the reign of. In the fifteenth century, the court of patronized such erotic works as the Thadkirat al-Shahawat (List of aphrodisiacs) and Sringara Manjari (erotic Bouquets). Lizzat Un Nisa is one of the few surviving erotics works from the period. There is another Kitab ul-Laddhat un-nisa which was written for a certain vizir Kukapondat by the same content and translated from Parsi into Russian.

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Actually the book itself has no pornographic or explicit sexual bias, it gives instructions how to classify women from their outer aspect starting from their apparel and ending with some parts of their body. In the Middle Ages Central Asia was the most important urbanized complex of cities and the area thrived of scientific research especially in the medical and terapeutic sciences (Avicenna and Rhazes were born there) and therefore it is very interesting to read which, maybe for a man living in these frantic cities, unexpected defaults could show up in the sexual life when making acquaintance with ladies and how he/she could recur to be treated by a doctor and by which special medical recipes.

Lately this book became available in Italian with historical comments as per attached bibliography.A copy of the original manuscript was last seen in the in in.Story The main subject of the story is a man named Harichand, who under orders of a king, embarks on a journey to collect exotic gifts and beautiful women for the pleasures of the king; the manuscript provides advice on various. It has a section on how to arouse a woman and observations based on sizes of a woman's vagina and also a brief list of lengths of the phallus.The book has couplets on the nature of men and the qualities of men and women, it has as many as 30 couplets describing Padmini, the woman with the most excellent qualities among the four types of women described.It has chapters on other three women types — Chetani, Sankhini and Hastini. Then there are separate couplets on different methods one should adopt with each of the four women types, it also deals with the nerves that have sexual stimulation, besides precautions to be observed during pregnancy. References.

Is a language that first emerged in northwestern Arabia and is now the of the Arab world. It is named after the, a term used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by in the east and the mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, in the. Arabic is classified as a comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, derived from; as the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is taught in schools and universities, is used to varying degrees in workplaces and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, the official language of 26 states, the liturgical language of the religion of, since the and were written in Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic, uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties.Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era in modern times. Due to its grounding in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, construed as a multitude of dialects of this language; these dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible.

The former are acquired in families, while the latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children; the relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of and vernaculars in medieval and early modern. This view though does not take into account the widespread use of Modern Standard Arabic as a medium of audiovisual communication in today's mass media—a function Latin has never performed. During the, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe in science and philosophy.As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it.

Arabic influence in vocabulary, is seen in European languages Spanish and to a lesser extent, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the, referred to in Arabic as. Has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from, from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries. Many of these words relate to related activities; the Balkan languages, including and Bulgarian, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history; some of the most influenced languages are, Spanish, Indonesian, and, some languages in parts of Africa.

Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times.Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims, Modern Standard Arabic is one of six. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by as many as 422 million speakers in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, an script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in Latin from left to right with no standardized. Is a language related to the languages, the Ancient languages, various other languages of Arabia such as; the Semitic languages changed a great deal between and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include: The conversion of the suffix-conjugated formation into a past tense; the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense.The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms. The development of an internal passive. There are several features which, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the and inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the Dadanitic and languages of the northern; these features are from.

Windows 10 iso download. The following features can be reconstructed with confidence for Proto-Arabic: negative particles m.mā. —or, more Modern Standard Urdu—is a standard register of the language. It is the official national of.

Lazzat Un Nisa Download

In, it is one of the 22 official languages recognized in the, having official status in the six states of, and, as well as the, it is a registered regional language of. Apart from specialized vocabulary, spoken Urdu is mutually intelligible with, another recognized register of Hindustani; the Urdu variant of Hindustani received recognition and patronage under British rule when the British replaced the local official languages with English and Hindustani written in script, as the official language in North. Religious and political factors pushed for a distinction between Urdu and in India, leading to the Hindi–Urdu controversy.

According to Nationalencyklopedin's 2010 estimates, Urdu is the 21st most spoken first language in the world, with 66 million speakers.According to Ethnologue's 2017 estimates, along with standard Hindi and the languages of the Hindi belt, is the 3rd most spoken language in the world, with 329.1 million native speakers, 697.4 million total speakers. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, it evolved from the medieval register of the preceding language, a, the ancestor of other modern languages. Around 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in and, 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit; because Persian-speaking sultans ruled the Indian subcontinent for a number of years, Urdu was influenced by and to a lesser extent, which have contributed to about 25% of Urdu's vocabulary. Although the word Urdu is derived from the word or orda, from which English horde is derived, Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal and Urdu is not genetically related to the Turkic languages.

Urdu words originating from and were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words.For instance, the Arabic ta' marbuta changes to te. Contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the Turkish language, but from Chagatai, a Turkic language from. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words. Arabic influence in the region began with the late first-millennium conquests of the Indian subcontinent; the Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries by various Persianized Central Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of. The established Persian as its official language, a policy continued by the, which extended over most of northern from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on the developing Hindustani; the name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780.

From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was known as Hindi.The language was known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. Hindustani in Persian script was used by Muslims and, but was current chiefly in Muslim-influenced society; the communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made co-official, along with English. Hindustani was promoted in by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian; this triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native script. This literary standard called 'Hindi' replaced Urdu as the official language of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of ' for Muslims and 'Hindi' for Hindus, a divide, formalized with the after independence. There have been attempts to 'purify' Urdu and Hindi, by purging Urdu of Sanskrit words, Hindi of Persian loanwords, new vocabulary draws from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi.English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language.

There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in and together: there were 52 million and 80.5 million Urdu speakers in India as per the 2001 and 2011 censuses respectively. However, a knowledge of Urdu allows one to speak with far more people than that, because, of which Urdu is one variety, is the third most spoken language in the world, after and English; because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Urdu and speakers in India and Pakistan, as well as estimating the number of people for whom Urdu is a second language, the estimated number of speakers is uncertain and controversial. Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from region. Is a hill top city in the north-eastern part of state in.

It is the headquarters of the Bidar which borders, it is a urbanising city in the wider Bidar Metropolitan area. The city is well known for its many sites of architectural and religious importance. Being located at the farthest of around 700 km from the state capital, it has been neglected by the state government for a long time. However, owing to its rich heritage, the city has a prominent place on the Archaeological Map of India.

Picturesquely perched on the Deccan plateau, the Bidar fort is more than 500 years old and still standing strong. According to the book 'Bidar Heritage' published by the state and Heritage, of the 61 monuments listed by the department, about 30 are tombs located in and around Bidar city. Explaining its nickname, 'City of Whispering Monuments'; the heritage sites in and around Bidar have become the major attraction for film shooting in recent years with making visits apart from film industryBidar is home for the second biggest training centre in the country.The IAF Station Bidar is used for advanced jet training of prospective fighter pilots on aircraft. Bidar city is known for its Bidri products, its rich history. Bidar is considered one of the holiest place for. Unlike other places in the region, Bidar is the wettest place in north Karnataka.

For the year 2009-10, Bidar was ranked 22nd among the, 5th cleanest in Karnataka. SH4 passes through Bidar and the whole city is integrated with 4 lane road. Ancient in the city have been discovered; the is an underground network of for water supply. The Bidar Karez, built in the 15th century, is more than 3 km long with 21 air vents.

Underground canals, built to connect underground water streams, were meant to provide drinking water to civilian settlements and the garrison inside the Bidar fort; this was necessary in a city where the soil was rocky and drilling wells was difficult. Bidar is believed to have got its name from Bidri works.Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient kingdom of, to which references are found in early literature like, the, a few other. Its association can be seen on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha; this has been mentioned in Firishta's writings. The traditional tales reveal; the recorded History of the city goes back to third century B. When it was of the great. After the Mauryas, and and reigned over Bidar territory. Chalukyas of Kalyana and of Kalyanis regained the area.

For a short period after the area of Bidar was under the sevunas of and of. Rulers first headed by and Muhammed-bin-Tughluq took control of entire Deccan including Bidar. About the middle of the 14th century the Sultan's officers stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of in 1347 A.D.

There were frequent warfare between the Bahamnis and; the history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the Sultan the first sultan of the dynasty to 1427 when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was a fertile and fruit bearing land. Earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is traced to Prince in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the dynasty.

With the establishment of the Bahmani dynasty, was occupied by Sultan Ala-Ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of, Bidar was made the capital city of Bahmani Kingdom; the old Fort was rebuilt and beautiful, mosques and gardens were raised. Who became the Prime Minister in 1466 was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. Bidar remained under the dynasty until conquest by in 1619. Came to Bidar after, appointed him the Prince of Deccan.He wrested the from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the dynasty for the second time. Bidar was made a in 1656.

In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Kingdom of the, it was annexed by the Bijapur Sultanate in 1619–20 but the Mughal of Aurangzeb took it in 1657 and thus became a part the Mughal Empire in 1686. Third son of Asaf jah l, Salabat Jang ruled from Bidar fort from 1751 to 1762, till his brother imprisoned him in this fort, was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. Mohammedabad old name of Bidar is on his name.

Thus, ruled over Gulbaraga from 1347 to 1424 and from Bidar from 1424 till the extinction of the kingdom and its disintegration into five independent kingdoms of,. After India's independence, in 1956 all speaking areas were merged to form the and Bidar became part of the new state.Bidar is located at 17.9°N 77.5°E / 17.9. Known as the Republic of India, is a country in. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the on the south, the on the southwest, the on the southeast, it shares land borders with to the west.

In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of, while its share a maritime border with and; the Indian subcontinent was home to the urban of the 3rd millennium BCE. In the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with began to be composed. Social stratification, based on, emerged in the first millennium BCE, arose. Early political consolidations took place under the Gupta empires.

In the medieval era, and arrived, emerged, all adding to the region's diverse culture.Much of the north fell to the. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the. In the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under rule, in the mid-19th under rule.

A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which under, was noted for nonviolent resistance and led to India's independence in 1947. In 2017, the Indian economy was the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the and is considered a.

However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption. A and regional power, it has the second largest standing army in the world and ranks among nations. India is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of.A and multi-ethnic society, it is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the word, equivalent to the word Sindhu, the historical local for the; the ancient referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as 'The people of the Indus'. The geographical term Bharat, recognised by the as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations, it is a modernisation of the historical name, which traditionally referred to the Indian subcontinent and gained increasing currency from the mid-19th century as a native name for India. Hindustan is a name for India, it was introduced into India by the Mughals and used since then.

Its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety; the name may refer to either the northern part of India or the entire country.The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago. Nearly contemporaneous human rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the in. After 6500 BCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, storage of agricultural surplus, appeared in and other sites in what is now; these developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, the first urban culture in South Asia, which flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and western. Centred around cities such as, and, relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilization engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.

During the period 2000–500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the cultures to the ones; the, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed during this period, historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the region and the upper.Most historians consider this period to have encompassed several waves of migration into the subcontinent from the north-west. The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period. On the, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a stage of political organisation. In, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, tanks, craft traditions. In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major and monarchies that were known as the; the emerging gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions.

Came into prominence during the life of., based on the teachings of, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle. Public Gardens known as Bagh-e-Aam is a historic park located in the heart of the city of.

It is the oldest park in Hyderabad. Public Gardens known as Bagh-e-Aam or Bagham. In 'Bagh' means Garden and Aam or 'Aam Jana' means 'the public' was built in 1846. During the ' regime. Post-1980 it started being called as Public Gardens; the, a well known open-air theater ' Kala Toranam', 'Jawahar Bal Bhavan', The and Legislative council buildings are located here. Today people use this as a recreation park, it is located at. A visit to the Telangana State Archaeology Museum is a delight for art lovers.

Located in the picturesque Public Gardens, the museum boasts of one of the richest repositories of antiques and art objects in the country. Built in 1920 by the, the museum building itself is a fine example of architecture; the museum contains a gallery, & Jain gallery, Bronze gallery, Arms & Armour gallery, gallery, gallery and more.Adjacent to the State Museum is the Contemporary Art Museum.

Public Gardens is home to some major landmarks in Hyderabad like the Legislative Assembly, Jubilee Hall, AP State Archaeology Museum, Indira Auditorium, Asif Tennis Club, Potti Sriramulu University, Lalita Kala Thoranam, Jawahar Bal Bhavan, Shahi Masjid are located inside this park. A manuscript was, any document, written by hand - or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten - as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.

More the term has come to be understood to further include any written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from its rendition as a printed version of the same. Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in codex format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations.

A document should be at least 75 years old to be considered a manuscript; the traditional abbreviations are MS for manuscript and MSS for manuscripts, while the forms MS. For singular, MSS. For plural are accepted.The second s is not the plural.

Before the invention of woodblock printing in or by moveable type in a printing press in, all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand. Manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls or books.

Manuscripts were produced on and other, on, on paper. In bark documents as old as from the 11th century have survived. In, the palm leaf manuscript, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, was used from ancient times until the 19th century.

Paper spread from China via the Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, by the late 15th century had replaced parchment for many purposes; when or works were published, numerous professional copies were made by scribes in a, each making a single copy from an original, declaimed aloud. The oldest written manuscripts have been preserved by the perfect dryness of their resting places, whether placed within in Egyptian tombs, or reused as mummy-wrappings, discarded in the of or secreted for safe-keeping in jars and buried or stored in dry caves.Manuscripts in languages, written on palm leaves, survived in desert burials in the of.

Volcanic ash preserved some of the Roman library of the in; the manuscripts that were being most preserved in the libraries of antiquity are all lost. Papyrus has a life of at most a century or two in moist or Greek conditions. All books were in manuscript form. In China, other parts of, woodblock printing was used for books from about the 7th century; the earliest dated example is the of 868. In the Islamic world and the West, all books were in manuscript until the introduction of movable type printing in about 1450. Manuscript copying of books continued for a least a century.

Private or government documents remained hand-written until the invention of the in the late 19th century; because of the likelihood of errors being introduced each time a manuscript was copied, the of different versions of the same text is a fundamental part of the study and criticism of all texts that have been transmitted in manuscript.In, in the first millennium, documents of sufficiently great importance were inscribed on soft metallic sheets such as, softened by refiner's fire and inscribed with a metal. In the, for example, as early as 900AD, specimen documents were not inscribed by stylus, but were punched much like the style of today's printers; this type of document was rare compared to the usual leaves and staves.

However, neither the leaves nor paper were as durable as the metal document in the hot, humid climate. In, the kammavaca, manuscripts, were inscribed on brass, or ivory sheets, on discarded robes folded and lacquered. In Italy some important texts were inscribed on thin gold plates: similar sheets have been discovered in. Technically, these are all inscriptions rather than manuscripts; the study of the writing, or 'hand' in surviving manuscripts is termed.

In the Western world, from the classical period through the early centuries of the Christian era, manuscripts were written without spaces between the words, which makes them hard for the untrained to read.Extant copies of these early manuscripts written in Greek or Latin and dating from the 4th century to the 8th century, are classified according to their use of either all upper case or all lower case letters. Manuscripts, such as the make no such differentiation. Manuscripts using all upper case letters are called, those using all lower case are called minuscule; the majuscule scripts such as are written with much more care. The lifted his pen between each, producing an unmistakable effect of regularity and formality. On the other hand, while minuscule scripts can be written with pen-lift, they may be, that is, use little or no pen-lift.

Museum or Museum is a museum located in Hyderabad, India. It is the oldest museum in Hyderabad. Archeologist first explored the site in the beginning of the 19th century, around 1940 the mound was excavated under the supervision of; the excavated items were placed in a museum built on the ancient site. In 1952, the museum's contents were moved to the current build, under the administrative control of. In 1930, VII Mir Osman Ail Khan, wanted to preserve the Hyderabad's state's heritage, had named the museum as Hyderabad Museum, it was named as State Archeology Museum in 1960.

In 2008, a sword belonging to the Nizam and other arifacts were stolen from the museum. After the and Telangana in 2014, the museum was renamed Telangana State Archeology Museum; this museum's main attraction is its Egyptian mummy of Princess Naishu, brought in 1930 to Hyderabad by Jung, the son-in-law of Asaf Jah VI.He presented it to the Asaf Jah VII. He had bought it for 1000 pounds, it is one of the six Egyptian in, the others being in,. The mummy, deteriorating, was restored in 2016 and placed in an oxygen-free case.

There is a huge gallery on dating back to last century; the museum has a wide variety of archaeological artifacts from dynasty. AP State Archaeological Museum in Hyderabad.